2134/10856711.v1 Biao Xie Biao Xie Guobin Zhang Guobin Zhang Jin Xuan Jin Xuan Kui Jiao Kui Jiao Three-dimensional multi-phase model of PEM fuel cell coupled with improved agglomerate sub-model of catalyst layer Loughborough University 2019 PEM fuel cell Catalyst layer Agglomerate model Pt loading Oxygen transport Fine channel geometry Science & Technology Physical Sciences Technology Thermodynamics Energy & Fuels Mechanics OXYGEN REDUCTION GAS-TRANSPORT FLOW-FIELD SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION VALIDATION IMPACT FOAM Energy Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2019-11-25 09:20:18 Journal contribution https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Three-dimensional_multi-phase_model_of_PEM_fuel_cell_coupled_with_improved_agglomerate_sub-model_of_catalyst_layer/10856711 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd An improved agglomerate sub-model of catalyst layer (CL) involving actual agglomerate size and oxygen local transport characteristics is developed and incorporated into a three-dimensional (3D) multi-phase model of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. This makes it capable to consider the effect of platinum (Pt) loading on oxygen transport and fuel cell performance more accurately. Oxygen local transport resistance near the catalyst surface is divided into three parts caused by liquid water blockage, ionomer coverage and Pt/carbon agglomeration, respectively. The resistances caused by ionomer coverage and Pt/carbon agglomeration are two major sources of oxygen local transport resistance. They have opposite variation trends as Pt loading changes. However, the ionomer resistance increases dramatically when Pt loading is lower than 0.1 mg cm−2 because of the much harder transport process through a relatively heavier ionomer coating. The simulation results agree with the experimental data reasonably under different cathode Pt loadings (from 0.3 to 0.025 mg cm−2), for both polarization curves and local transport resistance. In addition, a transport dominance parameter is defined to judge whether the concentration loss predominates the electrochemical reaction. A value greater than 10% can be seen as a symbol of local oxygen starvation. Using this model, fine channel geometry with extremely small channel and rib widths is investigated, and the highest net output power in this study is corresponding to 0.2 and 0.6 mm for channel (rib) width and height.