Enhancing the stability of the leisure nostalgia scale: assessment of the measurement invariance between two different leisure populations

Nostalgia has recently garnered attention in the field of leisure, and a leisure nostalgia scale (LNS) has been developed. However, the LNS was initially developed and validated in one Eastern country, Singapore, and has not been tested with other populations for its applicability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the invariance of the LNS to determine if the specified factorial structure of the scale is identical across different leisure populations in the UK and Singapore. The results showed that the LNS presented the same number of factors from the UK and Singapore data sets and supported the stability of the LNS factor structure, indicating that it can be confidently applied across different leisure populations from different countries. Although the LNS was fairly invariant across the two data sets, the findings revealed three items in socialisation and three items in personal identity to be non-invariant. The results of this study contribute to expanding future nostalgia research and a deeper understanding of leisure nostalgia