A multi-physics theoretical and CFD approach, to predict low-GWP pMDI spray characteristics, inside USP-IP geometry

This paper presents the development of a comprehensive mathematical model aimed at predicting pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) unwanted drug deposition, using low global warming potential (GWP) propellant. The model incorporates various factors such as the geometric dimensions of pMDI’s actuator/valve and the properties of the formulation such as propellant, excipient, and drug load. The model successfully predicts the drug deposition on the actuator and the USP-IP, and, hence, the delivered fraction to the NGI/ACI. These predictions are validated through laboratory testing.