Aerobic wastewater treatment by cascade trickling

Aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatments are both well developed and have various types of applications. Most of the applications have been developed to achieve the highest performance in terms of process rate concern. These sophisticated systems are, however, often not affordable for mid- or low-income countries. The “efficient” system should be economical enough within the acceptable level of process performance; therefore, both time and cost should be considered to evaluate process feasibility.