Experimental observations of the co-sintering of porous triple-layer SOFCs including curvature evolution

Triple-layer co-sintering of SOFCs results in an improved production process via reduced time and effort. Understanding the sintering shrinkage behaviour of each porous layer during the co-sintering process leads to the minimisation of mismatched stresses along with avoidance of severe warping and cracking. In multilayer structure, sintering behaviour is mainly characterised by the in-plane properties rather than the thickness properties. The induced in-plane stresses contribute to curvature evolution in the structure, which can be utilised in the design of a SOFC.