Partial usage of toilets: a growing problem

Partial use of toilets has been a neglected topic, but is now becoming well documented in India, where much non-use of toilets is also found. Evidence from India and elsewhere is summarised and reasons for partial usage and non-usage are presented. In India toilet use is often limited to some household members, to visitors, and to night time, rains and emergencies. To achieve and sustain ODF conditions continuously, the scale and causes of partial and non-usage in India and elsewhere present an important agenda for action orientated research to understand the problems better and to find solutions.