Technologies for sanitation: how to determine appropriate sludge treatment strategies in Vietnam

Developing appropriate technologies for the sanitation chain in low- and middle-income countries is crucial to protect public and environmental health. This includes treatment systems for the sludge produced in onsite and centralized systems (i.e., faecal and wastewater sludge). As the quantities and characteristics of sludge differ from city to city, this requires context-specific technologies. This case study was conducted to identify potential management strategies in five cities in Vietnam. The influence of the enabling environment, existing infrastructures, local sanitation practices and socioeconomic contexts on the selection of technology was assessed through literature reviews, household surveys and interviews. A checklist of influential aspects is presented to make best use of local opportunities and minimize the risks of technology failure. This approach is applicable to develop sludge management strategies in other cities.