Using a CLTS approach and/or CLTS tools in urban environments: themes and trends

This paper draws on nine different examples across seven countries that have either used a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach or CLTS tools in peri-urban and urban environments. It compliments and adds to previous work by the author. It finds that in the urban setting, CLTS is rarely conducted in isolation but is a tool used as part of a wider strategy. It also acknowledges the importance of engaging different stakeholders, most crucially local government, and provides some guidance for those wanting to start new partnerships with government and non-government actors.