Supplementary information files for "Tracing the cross‐talk phenomenon of Vinylethylene Carbonate to unveil its counterintuitive influence as an electrolyte additive on high‐voltage lithium‐Ion batteries"

Supplementary information files for "Tracing the cross‐talk phenomenon of Vinylethylene Carbonate to unveil its counterintuitive influence as an electrolyte additive on high‐voltage lithium‐Ion batteries"

The formation of effective interphases is crucial to enable high-performance lithium-ion batteries. This can be facilitated by the introduction of electrolyte additives, ensuring improved stability and transport properties. The identification of proper additives requires a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of interfacial reactions governing interphase formation. This study presents a detailed investigation of widely known and less conventional interphase-forming additives in high-voltage LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂, NMC622 | | artificial graphite cells. The electrochemical characterization shows that cells containing vinylethylene carbonate (VEC) significantly outperform all other investigated electrolyte formulations. Surprisingly, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy measurements of the electrolyte composition after cycling indicate the formation of an ineffective solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the presence of VEC. A thorough analysis of the interfacial composition via operando shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy elucidates rather the formation of an effective cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI). This phenomenon results from the reductive reaction of VEC on the anode, followed by the product transfer and electro-polymerization of reaction products on the cathode. Additionally, focused ion beam secondary ion mass spectrometry (FIB-SIMS) with a time of flight (ToF)-detector is used to analyze the elemental spatial distribution of Li-species and Mn in the respective SEIs.

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