A cross-sectional latent class analysis of self-reported snus use in men’s and women’s professional football in England

Objectives

Anecdotally, snus is widely used in Europe by professional footballers. However, prevalence and motivations for use have not been determined, alongside a lack of robust data regarding its use on player health and performance. The aims of the current research were to assess snus use amongst professional football players and categorise users through latent class analysis (LCA).

Design

Mixed-method design involving a cross-sectional survey study of 628 male and 51 female professional footballers in England, and 16 semi-structured interviews with multidisciplinary football staff conducted during the 2023–24 season.

Methods

The survey included self-reported questions concerning prevalence, motivations, sources, and perceived effects. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and LCA to categorise players through their behaviours. Interview questions addressed perceived prevalence and behaviours, performance and health impacts, and support required. Interview data was analysed using mixed coding to contextualise quantitative analysis.

Results

Overall, 18 % and 22 % of male and female footballers reported using snus, rising to 42 % and 39 % respectively for lifetime use. Snus use was initiated and motivated by a mix of factors including socialisation, boredom, relaxation, cravings, and stress management. Players were separated into three classes: occasional, daily, and habitual users demonstrating distinct profiles.

Conclusions

Snus use appears commonplace in both men's and women's professional football, motivated by a complex set of personal and social factors. The identified types of snus users can inform personalised approaches to education and cessation interventions.