A mathematical model for predicting cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise in demanding environmental conditions
The present research describes the development and validation of a cardiovascular sub-model (CVR Model) for use in conjunction with advanced thermophysiological models, where usually only a total cardiac output is estimated. The CVR Model detailed herein estimates cardio-dynamic parameters (changes in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate), regional blood flow, and muscle oxygen extraction, in response to rest and physical workloads, across a range of ages and aerobic fitness levels, as well as during exposure to heat, dehydration, and altitude. The model development strategy was to first establish basic resting and exercise predictions for cardiodynamic parameters in an 'ideal' environment (cool, sea level, hydrated person). This basic model was then advanced for increasing levels of altitude, heat strain and dehydration, using meta-analysis and reaggregation of published data. Using the estimated altitude- and heat-induced changes in maximum oxygen extraction and maximum cardiac output, the decline in maximum oxygen consumption at high-altitude and in the heat was also modelled. A validation of predicted cardiovascular strain using heart rate was conducted using a dataset of 101 heterogeneous individuals (1371 data points) during rest and exercise in the heat and at altitude, demonstrating that the CVR model performs well (R2 = 0.82-0.84) in predicting cardiovascular strain, particularly at a group mean level (R2 = 0.97). The development of the CVR Model is aimed at providing the FPC Model and other complex thermophysiological models with improved estimations of cardiac strain and exercise tolerance, across a range of individuals during acute exposure to environmental stressors.
Funding
adidas Sport Science Team, Germany
Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, UK
History
School
- Design and Creative Arts
Department
- Design
Published in
Journal of Applied PhysiologyVolume
133Issue
2Pages
247 - 261Publisher
American Physiological SocietyVersion
- VoR (Version of Record)
Rights holder
© The AuthorsPublisher statement
This is an Open Access Article. It is published by the American Physiological Society under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Acceptance date
2022-05-27Publication date
2022-06-02Copyright date
2022ISSN
8750-7587eISSN
1522-1601Publisher version
Language
- en