An overview of physical risks in the Mt. Everest region

In April and May 2019, as part of National Geographic and Rolex's Perpetual Planet Everest Expedition, an interdisciplinary scientific effort conducted a suite of research on the mountain and recognized many changing dynamics, including emergent risks resulting from natural and anthropogenic changes to the biological system. In this paper, the diverse research teams highlight risks to ecosystem and human health, geologic hazards, and changing climbing conditions that may affect the local community, climbers, and trekkers in the future. This Primer brings together perspectives from across the atmospheric, biological, geological, and health sciences to better understand emergent risks on Mt. Everest and in the Khumbu region. Understanding these risks is critical for the ~10,000 people living in the Khumbu region, the thousands of visiting trekkers, and the hundreds of climbers who attempt to summit each year.