Microfluidic fabrication of monodisperse and recyclable TiO₂-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hybrid microgels for removal of methylene blue from aqueous medium

Nearly monodisperse titanium oxide–polyethylene glycol diacrylate [TiO₂–P(EGDA)] hybrid microbeads containing 0.5 wt % TiO₂ nanoparticles entrapped within a P(EGDA) cross-linked polymeric network were synthesized using a modular Lego-inspired glass capillary microfluidic device. TiO₂–P(EGDA) hybrid microgels were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The fabricated TiO₂–P(EGDA) hybrid microgel system showed 100% removal efficiency of methylene blue (MB) from its 1–3 ppm aqueous solutions after 4 h of UV light irradiation at 0.2 mW/cm² at the loading of 25 g/L photocatalyst beads in the reaction mixture, corresponding to the loading of naked TiO₂ of just 0.025 g/L. No decrease in photocatalytic efficiency was observed in 10 repeated runs with recycled photocatalyst using a fresh 1 ppm MB solution in each cycle. The rate of photocatalytic degradation was controlled by the UV light irradiance, catalyst loading, and the initial dye concentration. Physical adsorption of MB onto the surface of composite microgel was also observed. The adsorption data was best fitted with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the Elovich kinetic model. TiO₂–P(EGDA) microgel beads are biocompatible, can be prepared with a tunable size in the microfluidic device, and can easily be separated from the reaction mixture by gravity settling. The TiO₂–P(EGDA) system can be used for the removal of other toxic dyes and micropollutants from industrial wastewater.