Plumes and blooms – Locally-sourced Fe-rich aeolian mineral dust drives phytoplankton growth off southwest Africa

Ocean-based photosynthesis accounts for half of global primary production. Productivity rates, driven by phytoplanktonic responses to nutrient availability, are however highly variable both spatially and temporally throughout the oceans. Intense primary production in the ocean's most productive areas, the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS), cannot be fully explained by nutrient upwelling alone, with the role of local dust sources and complimentary aeolian nutrient delivery largely overlooked. Here we explore relationships between iron-rich dust plumes emanating from a significant regional dust source, Namibia's ephemeral river valleys, and blooms of phytoplankton growth off southwest Africa in the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS). We constrain dust source dynamics through field measurement of in-valley airborne dust concentrations made at daily resolution, and couple these with satellite observations of atmospheric aerosols, ocean phytoplankton concentrations, and sea surface temperature over a six-month period encompassing the known ‘dust season’ of the valley sources. Phytoplanktonic responses in BUS waters to individual dust emission events were identified and were importantly shown to be unassociated with upwelling events. We demonstrate a fast (1–2 day) chlorophyllic response to observed iron-rich dust emissions, a relationship that is concealed by monthly averaged data. We show that terrestrial in-valley airborne dust concentrations correlate with offshore increases in phytoplankton concentrations, providing the first study of oceanic response that is directly linked with a specific monitored terrestrial dust source.