Traction forces generated during studded boot‐surface interactions on third‐generation artificial turf: A novel mechanistic perspective

The traction forces generated during studded boot–surface interactions affect player performance and injury risk. Over 20 years of empirical research into traction on third generation (3G) artificial turf has met with only limited success in supporting the development of safer surfaces and boots. Thus, the purpose of this perspective article is to present a conceptual framework for generating scientific understanding on 3G turf traction through a novel mechanistic approach. A three-stage framework is proposed. Firstly, the hypothesized traction mechanisms and related analytical equations are identified, namely: friction between the boot outsole and surface; shear resistance of the performance infill layer to the outsole; and compressive resistance of the performance infill layer to horizontal stud displacement. Secondly, a Concept Map is generated to visually represent the contribution of the thirtynine variables identified as directly affecting the traction response. Finally, a Research Roadmap is constructed to guide the direction of future traction studies towards the development of safer surfaces and boots as well as improved mechanical tests to assess surface safety. The proposed framework represents the first attempt to deconstruct bootsurface interactions and hypothesize the science behind the mobilization of traction forces.