An intervention model to motivate older adults to participate in physical activity

As the global population continues to age, the health of older adults is becoming increasingly important. As societies address ageing and healthcare affairs, it is important to adopt a proactive approach rather than perceiving older adults as societal burdens. Physical activity, as a life-course and inclusive solution, can have a positive impact on the health of older adults. Although many organisations are committed to increasing the level of physical activity among older adults, literature shows that a significant portion of the population remains inactive. Therefore, this research aims to motivate older adults to proactively participate in physical activities.

This study unfolds in three phases: 1) exploration, 2) synthesis and reflection, and 3) practice and evaluation. The exploratory phase involved a literature review to identify factors influencing older adults' participation in physical activities and the development of a conceptual model. Through two empirical studies, surveys and ethnography, the conceptual model was refined to an empirical model that can address real-life scenarios. During the synthesis and reflection phase, guidance for both older adults and activity organisers and an intervention design were developed. The intervention was conducted in the practice and evaluation phase to finalise the empirical model and validate the research findings.

The intervention enhanced motivation and physical activity levels among older adults. Throughout the intervention, three stages of behavioural change in older adults were identified, which were integrated into the finalised empirical model. The model not only facilitates self-assessment by older adults but also serves as a reference for other stakeholders, such as activity organizers. It could ultimately foster active participation in physical activities among older adults for healthy ageing.

The intervention mechanism was designed based on the empirical model, and the successful implementation of the intervention also verifies the empirical model, i.e., the theoretical contribution of this study. Additionally, the process of iterating the theoretical framework three times through three empirical studies is also a reflection of the Design Research Methodology. Moreover, the scope of these studies progressively expanded from a fixed point to a prolonged period, and the intervention covered the entire process of behavioural change, providing insights for future research in behavioural change.