Formative indicators: theoretical issues and measurement applications

The journal articles submitted to Loughborough University for the D.Litt. degree represent my research contributions in the area of formative measurement and scaling. Specifically, the contain both conceptual/methodological contributions on the nature and implications of formative measurement (articles 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12) as well as applications of formative measurement models in diverse research fields (articles 3, 7 and 8). This work has had major influence in the marketing literature (and not only) as indicated, for example, by Article 2 which is the Most Cited Journal of Marketing Research Article 2000–2006. Whereas in the past measurement procedures in marketing have been almost exclusively based on a reflective measurement perspective, the introduction of conceptual and operational guidelines for developing and validating measures based on a formative perspective has been welcomed by researchers and resulted in the development of better measures for several marketing constructs.